...overt discrimination but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation .... [G]ood intent or absence of discriminatory intent...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in headwinds' for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring job capability." Id., 430-32. Testing...

...Supreme Court expressly rejected "subjective intent" as an element of racial discrimination, saying "good Intent or absence of discriminatory intent does...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in headwinds' for minority groups and are unrelated tr measuring job capability." Id. "Congress directed...

...mechanisms that operate as "built-in headwinds" for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring Joh capability. The Company's lack of discriminatory intent...suggested by special efforts to help the undereducated employes through Company financing of two-thirds the cost of tuition lor high school training. But...

...racial group and that could not be justified by business necessity. We indicated in that case that "good intent or absence of discriminatory intent does...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in headwinds' for minority groups." 535 MARSHALL, J., dissenting Id., at 432. We said, in fact, that "Congress...

...Gat Co., 409 F. 2d 775 (3rd Cir., 1969). » In Griggs, the Court discussed the question of intent: (G)ood intent or absence, of discriminatory intent does not redeem employment procedures of testing mechanisms that operate as "built-in headwinds for minority groups and are unrelated to...

...that either the District Court or the Court of Appeals erred in examining the employer's intent ; but good intent or absence of discriminatory intent does...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as "built-in headwinds" for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring job capability. The Company's lack of...

...either (lie District Court or the Court r of Appeals erred in examining the employer's intent : but good intent or absence »., of discriminatory intent...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as "built-in headwinds'" for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring job capability. The Company's lack of...

...discrimination but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. . . . [<?]ood intent or absence of discriminatory intent does not...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in- headwinds' for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring job capability. . . . [CJongress directed...

...related to job performance, the practice is prohibited." and, further, that: ". . . good intent or the absence of discriminatory intent does not redeem employment...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in headwinds' for minority groups and are unrelated to • measuring job capability." A task to which...

...discrimination but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. . . . [AJbsence of discriminatory intent does not redeem employment...procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as 'built-in headwinds' for minority groups . . . [401 US at 431-432 (1971).] The same principle has been applied...